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It can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast or exaggerated local contrast for artistic effect. In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value EV differences, known as stops. One aim of HDR is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system.

The human eye, through non-linear response, adaptation of the iris , and other methods, adjusts constantly to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.

Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. Standard photographic and image techniques allow differentiation only within a certain range of brightness. Outside of this range, no features are visible because there is no differentiation in bright areas as everything appears just pure white, and there is no differentiation in darker areas as everything appears pure black.

Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as low dynamic range LDR , resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows. Multi-exposure HDR is used in photography and also in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work.

In security cameras the term used instead of HDR is “wide dynamic range”. Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range from a single exposure [8] reducing the need to perform multi-exposure HDR. Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. Original film especially negatives versus transparencies or slides feature a very high dynamic range in the order of 8 for negatives and 4 to 4.

High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing , and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program. Any camera that allows manual exposure control can perform multi-exposure HDR image capture, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing AEB is far better suited.

Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods. An increase of one EV, or one stop, represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures , while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures.

Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.

An important limitation for multi-exposure HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterward. Also, as one must create several images often three or five and sometimes more to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full set of images takes extra time. Photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.

Some cameras have an auto-exposure bracketing AEB feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from 0. Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world.

This is different from traditional digital images , which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred , in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits , which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction.

The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed power law or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges. HDR images often don’t use fixed ranges per color channel —other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range multiple channels.

For that purpose, they do not use integer values to represent the single color channels e. Common are bit half precision or bit floating-point numbers to represent HDR pixels.

However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10—12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts. Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDR files by the same software package.

Tone mapping is often need because the dynamic range of the electronic representation that display can receive is often lower than the dynamic range of the captured image. Notable titles include:. As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufacturers are now offering built-in multi-exposure HDR features. Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide multi-exposure HDR picture taking.

Some of the sensors on modern phones and cameras may even combine the two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.

This is an example of four standard dynamic range images that are combined to produce three resulting tone mapped images:. A fast-moving subject or unsteady camera will result in a “ghost” effect or a staggered-blur strobe effect, as a result of the merged images not being identical, but each capturing the moving subject at a different moment in time, with its position changed. Sudden changes in the lighting conditions strobed LED light can also interfere with the desired results, by producing one or more HDR layers that do have the luminosity expected by an automated HDR system, though one might still be able to produce a reasonable HDR image manually in software by rearranging the image layers to merge in order of their actual luminosity.

Camera characteristics such as gamma curves , sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images. Although not as established as for still photography capture, it is also possible to capture and combine multiple images for each frame of a video in order to increase the dynamic range captured by the camera. Some cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure.

A library of predefined code can make coding easier for beginners. You can also use Flash Builder to generate Action Script. The animations are more versatile, dynamic, and easier to create than ever before. Adobe Animate CC is an excellent program for creating dynamic content that can be played on all media. In recent updates, a variety of features have been added, including a new motion editor, WebGL for animation, outlines of variable width, as well as interpolation of outlines of variable width, and object cancellation.

Adobe Animate CC is marketed for professional users, but also offers many help and support tools to get you started. All you have to do is find a topic under Learn or Get Support on the Adobe website to access tutorials, articles and projects to help you learn new tricks.

Even if the situation will change in the future, as of today, Flash is still the best software to create dynamic content for the Internet and other platforms. The Flash source file format was a proprietary format and Adobe Animate and Adobe Flash Pro were the only available authoring tools capable of editing such files.

Flash source files. Note that FLA files can be edited, but output. Flash Video files [spec 1] have a. The use of vector graphics combined with program code allows Flash files to be smaller—and thus allows streams to use less bandwidth —than the corresponding bitmaps or video clips. For content in a single format such as just text, video, or audio , other alternatives may provide better performance and consume less CPU power than the corresponding Flash movie, for example, when using transparency or making large screen updates such as photographic or text fades.

In addition to a vector-rendering engine, the Flash Player includes a virtual machine called the ActionScript Virtual Machine AVM for scripting interactivity at run-time, with video, MP3-based audio, and bitmap graphics. Virtually all browser plugins for video are free of charge and cross-platform, including Adobe’s offering of Flash Video, which was introduced with Flash version 6.

Flash Video had been a popular choice for websites due to the large installed user base and programmability of Flash. In , Apple publicly criticized Adobe Flash, including its implementation of video playback for not taking advantage of hardware acceleration, one reason Flash was not to be found on Apple’s mobile devices.

Soon after Apple’s criticism, Adobe demoed and released a beta version of Flash Flash Flash Player supports two distinct modes of video playback, and hardware accelerated video decoding may not be used for older video content. Such content causes excessive CPU usage compared to comparable content played with other players. Flash allows sample rates of 11, 22 and Adobe Flash Player Flash Player Flash programs use ActionScript programming language. It is an enhanced superset of the ECMAScript programming language, with a classical Java -style class model, rather than JavaScript ‘s prototype model.

Several developers quickly created a C library for producing SWF. Macromedia also hired Middlesoft to create a freely available developers’ kit for the SWF file format versions 3 to 5. Macromedia made the Flash Files specifications for versions 6 and later available only under a non-disclosure agreement , but they are widely available from various sites.

In April , the Flash SWF file format specification was released with details on the then newest version format Flash 8. Although still lacking specific information on the incorporated video compression formats On2, Sorenson Spark, etc. The file format specification document is offered only to developers who agree to a license agreement that permits them to use the specifications only to develop programs that can export to the Flash file format.

The license does not allow the use of the specifications to create programs that can be used for playback of Flash files. The Flash 9 specification was made available under similar restrictions. Previously, developers could not use the specification for making SWF-compatible players, but only for making SWF-exporting authoring software.

The specification still omits information on codecs such as Sorenson Spark , however. The Adobe Animate authoring program is primarily used to design graphics and animation and publish the same for websites, web applications, and video games.

The program also offers limited support for audio and video embedding and ActionScript scripting. Adobe released Adobe LiveMotion , designed to create interactive animation content and export it to a variety of formats, including SWF.

LiveMotion failed to gain any notable user base. In February , Macromedia purchased Presedia, which had developed a Flash authoring tool that automatically converted PowerPoint files into Flash.

Macromedia subsequently released the new product as Breeze, which included many new enhancements. Various free and commercial software packages can output animations into the Flash SWF format including:.

The Flash 4 Linux project was an initiative to develop an open source Linux application as an alternative to Adobe Animate. Development plans included authoring capacity for 2D animation, and tweening , as well as outputting SWF file formats. UIRA intended to combine the resources and knowledge of the F4L project and the Qflash project, both of which were Open Source applications that aimed to provide an alternative to the proprietary Adobe Flash.

Adobe provides a series of tools to develop software applications and video games for Flash:. Third-party development tools have been created to assist developers in creating software applications and video games with Flash. Adobe Flash Player is the multimedia and application player originally developed by Macromedia and acquired by Adobe Systems. Scaleform GFx is a game development middleware solution that helps create graphical user interfaces or HUDs within 3D video games.

It does not work with web browsers. Lightspark supports OpenGL -based rendering for 3D content. The player is also compatible with H. Gnash aimed to create a software player and browser plugin replacement for the Adobe Flash Player. Shumway was an open source Flash Player released by Mozilla in November It was built in JavaScript and is thus compatible with modern web browsers.

In the same year that Shumway was abandoned, work began on Ruffle , a flash emulator written in Rust. Adobe Flash Player is currently only supported with the enterprise [1] [2] [4] and China [5] variants, it has been deprecated everywhere else. The projector version is a standalone player that can open SWF files directly. Adobe Flash Player was previously available for a variety of mobile operating systems, including Android between versions 2.

Flash Player for smartphones was originally made available to handset manufacturers at the end of However, Flash content can be made to run on iOS devices in a variety of ways:. The mobile version of Internet Explorer for Windows Phone cannot play Flash content; [] however, Flash support is still present on the tablet version of Windows.

Adobe Flash Lite is a lightweight version of Adobe Flash Player intended for mobile phones [] [ self-published source? The only alternative is using HTML5 and responsive web design to build websites that support both desktop and mobile devices.

Such games will not work in mobile web browsers but must be installed via the appropriate app store. The reliance on Adobe for decoding Flash makes its use on the World Wide Web a concern—the completeness of its public specifications are debated, and no complete implementation of Flash is publicly available in source code form with a license that permits reuse. Generally, public specifications are what makes a format re-implementable see future proofing data storage , and reusable codebases can be ported to new platforms without the endorsement of the format creator.

However, despite efforts of projects like Gnash, Swfdec , and Lightspark , a complete free Flash player is yet to be seen, as of September For example, Gnash cannot use SWF v10 yet. Notable advocates of free software, open standards, and the World Wide Web have warned against the use of Flash:.

The founder of Mozilla Europe , Tristan Nitot , stated in []. Companies building websites should beware of proprietary rich-media technologies like Adobe’s Flash and Microsoft’s Silverlight.

You’re producing content for your users and there’s someone in the middle deciding whether users should see your content. I believe very strongly, that we need to agree on some kind of baseline video format if [the video element] is going to succeed. Flash is today the baseline format on the web. The problem with Flash is that it’s not an open standard. Representing the free software movement , Richard Stallman stated in a speech in that: [] “The use of Flash in websites is a major problem for our community.

Flash content is usually embedded using the object or embed HTML element. Often, a plugin is required for the browser to fully implement these elements, though some users cannot or will not install it.

Since Flash can be used to produce content such as advertisements that some users find obnoxious or take a large amount of bandwidth to download, some web browsers, by default, do not play Flash content until the user clicks on it, e. Konqueror , K-Meleon.

Most current browsers have a feature to block plugins, playing one only when the user clicks it. Opera versions since Opera Turbo requires the user to click to play Flash content, and the browser also allows the user to enable this option permanently. Both Chrome [] and Firefox [] have an option to enable “click to play plugins”. Equivalent “Flash blocker” extensions are also available for many popular browsers: Firefox has Flashblock and NoScript , Internet Explorer has Foxie, which contains a number of features, one of them named Flashblock.

For many years Adobe Flash Player’s security record [] has led many security experts to recommend against installing the player, or to block Flash content. Active moves by third parties to limit the risk began with Steve Jobs in saying that Apple would not allow Flash on the iPhone , iPod Touch , and iPad — citing abysmal security as one reason.

In July , a series of newly discovered vulnerabilities resulted in Facebook ‘s chief security officer, Alex Stamos , issuing a call to Adobe to discontinue the software entirely [] and the Mozilla Firefox web browser, Google Chrome , and Apple Safari to blacklist all earlier versions of Flash Player. Flash cookies are not shared across domains. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Deprecated multimedia platform used to add animation and interactivity to websites.

This article is about the multimedia software platform. For the player, see Adobe Flash Player. Harman —present for enterprise users [1] [2] [3] [4] Zhongcheng —present in China [5] Adobe Inc.

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